Editing Essay Samples For College

Editing Essay Samples For CollegeIn essay editing, your job is to take the best essays and select the ones that are most appropriate for college applications. This requires a lot of hard work and dedication. Here are some tips for you to edit your essay samples for college.Many students just write the essay without reading it. They just sit down at the computer and start writing their essay, thinking that if they come up with an interesting idea, they can use that in their paper. The truth is that if you do not really read your essay samples for college, then you are doing yourself a disservice. If you do not think about the best essay samples available to you, then you will not have much of a chance of picking the ones that are most appropriate for college.Essays should be thought out and not rushed. You should be able to sit down with your college essays and be able to identify the parts that you think are weak or what parts could be strengthened. You should be able to identify tho se parts in your students and how to strengthen them. By thinking about these things, you will be able to pick out the best essay samples for college essays. You will know exactly what things are good and which things need improvement.It is important to know what to do when editing your essay samples for college. You need to be able to select the ones that are the best for college. You also need to know the skills that you need to learn and use to edit your essays.Remember, you should be able to take all the best essays and select the best essays. If you do not do this, then you will not be able to write an essay that will have an impact on the college admissions officers at the college that you are applying to. You need to be able to write a very good essay, but this cannot be done unless you first know what you are looking for. The most important factor that you need to pay attention to is your students. You should know what makes them tick and why they were the way that they are today. You should know why they do what they do, what drives them, and how they deal with certain situations. You need to understand what makes a person tick.This will make it easier for you to identify the topics that you should use in your essays and the problems that you need to address with your essays. College admissions officers are going to be looking for a lot of different things from a candidate. You should take all the essay samples that you are provided and identify which ones apply to your students and why.It will be easy for you to be able to edit your essays by knowing exactly what to do, so that you will not have to think about it all the time. This will save you time and will help you be able to get an excellent grade on your college essays.

The Vietnam War Essay - 1701 Words

Summary Like any other war the Vietnam War had a lot of devastating effects after the war ended. It also had many causes that changed many things after this war. The Vietnam War was fought between 1964 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos, and in bombing runs over North Vietnam.1.There were two opposing sides. On one side it was a coalition of forces including the United States, the Republic of Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand, and South Korea. And on the other was a coalition of forces including the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the National Liberation Front, a communist-led South Vietnamese guerrilla movement.1 The war started out when Ho Chi Minh proclaimed it†¦show more content†¦After the war, southern Vietnams agriculture, business and industry were devastated.1. This means that the land was ruined because of all the destruction that went on in the Vietnam War. The infrastructure had suffered heavily5. The communi ty was basically destroyed. The transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons were all damaged. In fact for the road system Sixty percent had been almost completely destroyed.5. More than half of the infrastructure got destroyed because of the war. Meaning that it will take a long time and a lot of money to rebuild. The transportation in Vietnam was severely damaged since 134 bridges out of a prewar total of 475 had been destroyed, and only 582 miles of railroads out of 873 miles existing before the war were in operation.5. The United States didnt help Vietnam in getting back on their feet instead the United States Presidents tried to punish Vietnam for the losses suffered by their country. They cut off all trade to Vietnam.5. Without any help and their economy severely damaged it caused Vietnam to beg for help from the Soviet Union.5. Because of all the environmental destruction More forests have been lost in Vietnam since the US/Vietnam war ended in 1975 than during it. Because of post-war lumbering operations (the rebuilding of 10 million homes,Show MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe Vietnam War On Vietnam1725 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Vietnam Many believe that the way Americans entered the war against the North Vietnam communists was unjust. The United States got into a war that they had no clue on how to win. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973Read MoreThe Vietnam War : Vietnam1170 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond Vietnam. The Vietnam War is one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of the United States. Not only because it ended with a defeat for the United States Army, but because unleashed the largest wave of protests in the country, in which the government lost support. Extended over more than a decade, between 1959 to April 30 of 1975, although the US intervened in 1965, in which American soldiers experienced in firsthand scenes of destruction and death. During the Vietnam War clashedRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam920 Words   |  4 Pages1940’s Vietnam was trying to break free of French reign over their country. During this time period Vietnam was split into two parts, north and south. The Japanese had decided to take over Vietnam in 1942. They couldn’t capture all of Vietnam, so they decided to retreat. North Vietnam proclaimed independence on September 2, 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on June 14, 1949, but rema ined under French rule until August 1, 1954. South Vietnam was theRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1711 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The Vietnam War was one of the bloodiest wars in the history of Vietnam. Vietnam use to be a peaceful country until the idea of communism started spreading across Vietnam. Many wanted to stay democratic but saw what happened to the Germans and started to lean towards communism. Many also wanted to stay democratic and still had it hopes high that it will soon get their lives and economy back on track. It later exploded into a huge argument and then leads to a civil war spurring between NorthRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam952 Words   |  4 Pageswords that describe the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War had 240 days of combat in one year. World War II had forty days of combat in four years(Interesting Facts). That statistic shows how rough the Vietnam War was. The fighting was constant between the two sides. This war was fought over politics and had many gruesome battles. Before the Vietnam war, Vietnam was in a revolution because they did not want to be ruled by France. Vietnam wanted to be independent right after World War II ended in 1945. JapanRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1534 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War began November 1st, 1955 and ended April 30th, 1975. It was a long costly war that involved North Vietnam and their Southern allies, known as Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its main ally the United States. This war was very unpopular at home and would end with the withdrawal of the United States and the unification of Vietnam under communist control. Many think of war as something that just men are involved in but very rarely do people think of the role of women in the warRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 PagesA. The Vietnam War occurred from 1955-1975, this included the North and South fighting over government structure of the newly independent state of Vietnam, having recently become independent f rom France. However, the USA was in Vietnam as a sort of protection for the South Vietnamese people, who had a weaker army force, but only a few thousand Americans were in Vietnam for that purpose at the time. On August 7, 1964, the USA entered the war for the purpose of fighting the North Vietnamese due toRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam2003 Words   |  9 PagesThe Vietnam War in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia lasted from November 1st, 1955 to around April 30th, 1975. The war was split up between two sides, North Vietnam, who were allied with the Soviet Union, China, and most of the communist countries during this time period, and South Vietnam, who were allied with the United States and many countries that were against the belief of Communism. Although the United States did not necessarily have to get involved in the war, they believed that they had too soRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1987 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1945, at the end of WWII, Vietnam started their war for ind ependence against their colonial rulers, France. Nine years after the start of the First Indochina War, the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu which led to a peace conference in Geneva. At the conference, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam received their independence from France. However, Vietnam was divided between a Communist North and a Democratic South. In 1958, Communist- supported guerrillas in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, began

Why God doesnt exist Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Perterson et al (206) argue that it was the moral obligation of the Europeans as a civilized society to rid Africa of barbaric religious practices, poverty, disease, slave trade and slavery. Social atavism gave justification to this by stating that, human beings, by nature would want to override others (Perterson et al. , 253). This was so much opposed to Christian religious teachings of humankind being equal. According to Darwin, the argument about the existence of God vis a’ vis the universe happening by chance is not of any value. Many scientists indeed have proclaimed to be atheists and view the existence of God as waste of time. The philosophies of Bertrand Russell also openly betray the general view of scientists on faith. His publication titled, why I am not a Christian and other Essays on Religion and other Subjects, tells us all. He argues that, man created God in his image and likeness and placed him in heaven. This is contrary to what we know and hold that man was created by God in his own image and likeness. He finalizes by asking, who said that God created man in his image and likeness? We will write a custom essay sample on Why God doesn't exist or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Who said God resembled man? Is not man himself? What prove is there that God is in heaven? (Russell, 4) In his publication the Future of Illusion, Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of modern Psychology, talks about religion. Freud associates God to a mental disorder-Neurosis (Freud 14). He further reveals that the belief in God was a false perception, idea or belief. After acquiring sufficient knowledge, man frees himself from religious dogma. Religion is left to uneducated masses. He finalizes by saying that the masses would, by no chance; turn into murderers if they were told there is no God. His works, however received a lot of criticism. Sanders for instance in the publication Christianity and Freud (1950) talked of Jesus Christ to be the greatest â€Å"psychiatrist. † Religious standpoint against science Since the times of great scientists like Charles Darwin, Sigmund and many others the church stood in the way of science. Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek scholar, is well remembered for the Ptolemaic concept of the universe as highlighted by Kurzweil (97). As Kurzweil notes, Ptolemaic’s model was known as the Geocentric (Earth-centered) model. According to Ptolemy, the Earth then was the center of the universe and other planets including the sun were around it. He also held that other heavenly bodies were fixed in space (Kurzweil, 131). The idea was unquestionably held by people and the church for centuries.

Essay on Pglo Transformation Lab Report - 1486 Words

Transformation Lab Report Introduction Transformation is the transfers of virulence from one cell to another, through the transferring of genetic material. It was originally postulated in 1928 through the works of Federick Griffith, a British microbiologist. Griffith observed that the mutant form, non-virulent form, of the bacteria Streptococcus Pnumoniae could be transformed into the normal, virulent form, when injected into mice along with heat killed normal forms. He concluded that somehow the information the dead virulent form had transformed the mutant form into a virulent form. Later on through the works of Avery, Macleod, and McCarty in 1944, it became obvious that DNA is the transforming property and the substance†¦show more content†¦Spin the two tubes in a centrifuge for 5 minutes on opposite side of the centrifuge. The bacterium will collect at the bottom of the tube, so pour out the extraneous supinate. Then, add 250 microliters of buffer. The Ca2+ cation of the buffer neutralizes the repulsive negative charges of the phosphate backbone of the DNA and the phospholipids of the cell membrane allowing the DNA to pass through the cell wall and enter the cells. Place both tubes on ice. Then add 10 microliters of water into one tube and 10 microliters of plasmid DNA into another tube labeling the one with DNA with a + and the one with water -, and place on ice for 10 minutes. Next heat shocks the tubes for 50 seconds, followed by icing for 10 more minutes. The heat shock increases the permeability of the cell membrane to DNA. Then add 250 milliliters of LB and incubate for 20 minutes. The 20 minute incubation following the addition of LB broth allows the cells to grow and express the ampicillin resistance protein, beta-lactamase, so that the transformed cells survive the subsequent ampicillin selection plates. Plate 100 microliters the + tubes evenly on two plates; 1 of LB and Amp, and one of LB, AMP, and ARA. Plate 100 microliters of the – tubes evenly on two plates; 1 of LB and AMP, and one on LB only. Results Calculations for number of molecules of Plasmid DNA Molecules For initial inflorescence of water and plasmid DNA they did not fluoresceShow MoreRelatedTransformation And Electrophoresis Lab Report1750 Words   |  7 PagesSingee Nguyen Transformation and Electrophoresis Lab Report Purposes Discuss the principles of bacterial transformation. Describe how to prepare competent E. coli cells. Discuss the mechanisms of gene transfer using plasmid vectors. Discuss the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and tell how to select positively for transformed cells that are antibiotic resistant. Discuss the mechanisms of action for restriction endonucleases. Discuss how a plasmid can be engineered to include a piece of foreignRead MoreUsing The Method Of Heat Shock1917 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Genetic Transformation is the process by which a segment of DNA of a specific organism is implanted into another organism that reads the foreign organisms DNA and presents the phenotype for the selected DNA segment.   The genetic transformation can occur using three different methods, but in the case of the experiment conducted and described below, was performed using the method of heat shock. In the experiment, heat shock was used to genetically transform a piece of DNA from a jellyfishRead MorepGLO Lab Report Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesBacterial Transformation Lab Report Backround: The plasmid pGLO contains an antibiotic-resistance gene, ampR, and the GFP gene is regulated by the control region of the ara operon. Ampicillin is an antibiotic that kills E. coli, so if E. coli, so if E. coli cells contain the ampicillin-resistance gene, the cells can survive exposure to ampicillin since the ampicillin-resistance gene encodes an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic. Thus, transformed E. coli cells containing ampicillin-resistanceRead MorePglo Transformation Essay1840 Words   |  8 PagesConnor Lauffenburger 3/17/13 pGlo Transformation Lab Report I Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to show the genetic transformation of E. coli bacteria with a plasmid that codes for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and contains a gene regulatory system that confers ampicillin resistance. A plasmid is a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of chromosomes. In this lab, the Green Fluorescent Protein, which is typically found in the bioluminescent jellyfish AequoreaRead MoreThe Principles Of Bacterial Transformation2210 Words   |  9 PagesPurposes: Discuss the principles of bacterial transformation Describe how to prepare competent E.coli cells Discuss the mechanisms of gene transfer using plasmid vectors Discuss the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and tell how to select positively for transformed cells that are antibiotic resistance Discuss the mechanisms of action for restriction endonucleases Discuss how a plasmid can be engineered to include a peice of foreign DNA that alters the phenotype of transformed cells UnderstandRead MoreAn Understanding Of Bacterial Transformation By Plasmid Dna1874 Words   |  8 Pages Bacterial Transformation Lab Report Elizabeth Amanquah Genetics 311 Monday 2:00-4:50 Jan Trybula Abstract This study was undertaken to develop an understanding of bacterial transformation by plasmid DNA. This study enables one to observe various traits displayed by transformed bacterial cells. Four experiments were conducted that included (1) Bacterial Transformation, (2) Genomic/Plasmid extraction, (3) DNA Electrophoresis, and(4) Plasmid /Oxidation EMSA. In this study, a transformation

Conscious Business Build Value Through Values

Question: Discuss about the Conscious Business for Build Value Through Values. Answer: Introduction Consciousness is a comprehensive philosophy of undertaking business operations and assists business people experience reality both locally and globally. Consciousness enables managers to adapt to the business environment and promote business success in the market. Human beings possess a unique level of awareness for people can think beyond instinctual conditioning (Jim, 2001). Global business is affected by numerous issues and trends which require high consciousness by the global managers. More conscious managers perceive and understand the international trade environment better. This essay compares, analyses, and appreciates the importance of knowledge towards business success. The most distinguishable attribute of human consciousness is self-awareness. Conscious employees show invaluable responsiveness, humility, and exceptional integrity. Self-awareness enables business people to understand both the external and internal surroundings to the extent that they make sound conclusions(Fred, 2006). This characteristic allows business people consider the broader aspects of business life existence and act on improving the value for the purpose. Human consciousness establishes a high abstraction capacity for building values. Success in a global market requires employees with excellent communication skills, negotiation skills, and ontological coordination. Such employees can transcend concrete experiences via intellectual capability to judge, understand, and reason contextually(Fred, 2006). The mental abilities allow managers to plan and outline complex data for better management and understanding of major trends affecting international operations. A conscious business necessitates promotion of emotional mastery and mindfulness for all key stakeholders of a company. The personnel of a firm investigates global market trends based on intense scientific reasoning to form the best strategies for addressing challenges such as competition and discrimination (Jim, 2001). Organizations require staff with excellent knowledge and skills to succeed when they go globally. Fred Kofmans background as an author is building by his close relationship with Peter Senge, a senior researcher at the center for organizational learning back in 1992(Fred, 2006). In his life, Fred has designed, organized, and facilitated top executive programs for big global companies and this shapes his expertise and experience to write this book on business consciousness. Fred Kofman possesses exceptional writing and communication skills, emotional mastery, sufficient integrity, and unconditional research skills. Fred Kofman qualifications to write this book, "Conscious Business," are grounded in his experience as an author since 1996 where he had been facilitating leadership programs, team learning, organizational effectiveness, and personal mastery up to date(Fred, 2006). Personal Evaluation The most interesting perspectives on this topic, "Conscious Business" is evidenced by the unique flow of ideas by the author, how the employees, managers, and executive leadership consciousness attributes are explained. The topic is well written as it appreciates the approaches adopted by top managers when focusing and dealing with talented employees (Jim, 2001). The combination of employees, managers, and conscious leadership attributes shifts the business motivation to exploit global opportunities, and this is covered in the chapter as expected. However, the inability to be conscious by some employees is a significant threat to business success today. Unconscious staff and managers blame the others for mistakes done and act unethically while solving conflicts. Conclusion The author wrote the article with mastery and grounded on experience in the business world. The results of consciousness in the business community leads to the achievement of set goals and missions. A conscious organization establishes an environment for customer attraction, retention, and long-term loyalty. Therefore, businesses should recruit conscious employees, managers, and executive leaders so as to enhance productivity, integrity, accountability, and overall global business success. References Fred, K. (2006). Conscious Business: How to Build Value through Values. Colorado: Sounds True, Boulder. Jim, Collins, (2001). Good to great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap and others dont. (New York: Harper Business. p. 11.

The Firemen of House 24 Essay Example For Students

The Firemen of House 24 Essay The firemen of house 24, a faded, red station known for its heroic endeavors, waited around their dining table playing poker. It had been weeks without a fire and the boredom had started to sink in. all of a suddenThe alarm began to ring; they sprang into action ready to fight. They arrived to a blazing inferno raging at the local mall, set by an arsonist who wanted to see the world burn. Hundreds of innocents trapped inside, the men rushed in to save as many as they could. It was all in vain as the arsonist used an accelerant and the fire burned too fast killing more than 400 including 6 firemen. We will write a custom essay on The Firemen of House 24 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It became a matter of blood for blood; they swore they would find him and make him pay. Warren was a volunteer firefighter and police officer who served along those the fallen. He took it upon himself to catch this man no matter what the cost. A week passed before there was another fire and this time the firefighters were ready and halted the fire in its tracks. The arsonist hadn’t planned on their fast response and became sloppy leaving behind evidence his can of gasoline and a lighter of his. Warren immediately started a finger print analysis test of them both, but the man was not in the system. Warren planned on catching him in the act instead. The mad man had been waiting and planning for his biggest attack on a gargantuan commercial church on Easter night where over 75, 000 people would be present. Warren began investigation into the lighter and discovered it had been custom made by only one man who makes the lighters. Easter day crept up, and both men were almost ready to complete their plans. Warren finally traced the lighter to a man in his fifties, an old explosives expert, named Mr. Jangles. Easter day arrived and Mr. Jangles hustled into the church to set up while warren searched his apartment because he had gotten a warrant. He found a map of the city in the room with a big x through it; it was the Church Of Life. He figured that’s him knocking over bystanders in his path, when Mr. Jangles noticed this he too began to run. When he ran out of breath, he stopped and pulled out a dead man switch and threatened to blow the place right there. Warren stood there thinking what to do he could be bluffing, but why would he. Warrens only choice was to shoot him where he stood, but the bomb might still go off. He aimed and fired his pistol shooting him in the leg injuring him, but stopping him from pressing the trigger. Then they wrestled for control of the switch only to find himself overwhelmed Mr. Jangles surrendered. He was arrested and taken to prison where he was to serve 3 consecutive life sentences in solitary confinement.

German Battleship Tirpitz - World War II

German Battleship Tirpitz - World War II The Tirpitz was a German battleship used during World War II.  The British made several efforts to sink Tirpitz and finally succeeded in late 1944. Shipyard: Kriegsmarinewerft, WilhelmshavenLaid Down: November 2, 1936Launched: April 1, 1939Commissioned: February 25, 1941Fate: Sunk on November 12, 1944 Specifications Displacement: 42,900 tonsLength: 823 ft., 6 in.Beam: 118 ft. 1 in.Draft: 30 ft. 6 in.Speed: 29 knotsComplement: 2,065 men Guns 8 Ãâ€" 15 in. SK C/34 (4 Ãâ€" 2)12 Ãâ€" 5.9 in. (6 Ãâ€" 2)16 Ãâ€" 4.1 in. SK C/33 (8 Ãâ€" 2)16 Ãâ€" 1.5 in. SK C/30 (8 Ãâ€" 2)12 Ãâ€" 0.79 in. FlaK 30 (12 Ãâ€" 1) Construction Laid down at Kriegsmarinewerft, Wilhelmshaven on November 2, 1936, Tirpitz was the second and final ship of the Bismarck-class of battleship. Initially given the contract name G, the ship was later named for famed German naval leader Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. Christened by the late admirals daughter, Tirpitz was launched April 1, 1939. Work continued on the battleship through 1940. As World War II had begun, the ships completion was delayed by British air strikes on the Wilhelmshaven shipyards. Commissioned on February 25, 1941, Tirpitz departed for its sea trials in the Baltic. Capable of 29 knots, Tirpitzs primary armament consisted of eight 15 guns mounted in four dual turrets. These were supplemented by a secondary battery of twelve 5.9 guns. In addition, it mounted a variety of light anti-aircraft guns, which were increased throughout the war. Protected by a main belt of armor that was 13 thick, Tirpitzs power was provided by three Brown, Boveri Cie geared steam turbines capable of producing over 163,000 horsepower. Entering active service with the Kriegsmarine, Tirpitz conducted extensive training exercises in the Baltic. In the Baltic Assigned to Kiel, Tirpitz was in port when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Putting to sea, it became the flagship of Admiral Otto Ciliaxs Baltic Fleet. Cruising off the Aland Islands with the heavy cruiser, four light cruisers, and several destroyers, Ciliax endeavored to prevent a breakout of the Soviet fleet from Leningrad. When the fleet disbanded in late September, Tirpitz resumed training activities. In November, Admiral Erich Raeder, commander of the Kriegsmarine, ordered the battleship to Norway so that it could strike at Allied convoys. Arriving in Norway After a brief overhaul, Tirpitz sailed north on January 14, 1942, under the command of Captain Karl Topp. Arriving at Trondheim, the battleship soon moved to a safe anchorage at nearby Fà ¦ttenfjord. Here Tirpitz was anchored next to a cliff to aid in protecting it from air strikes. In addition, extensive anti-aircraft defenses were constructed, as well as torpedo nets and protective booms. Though efforts were made to camouflage the ship, the British were aware of its presence through decrypted Enigma radio intercepts. Having established a base in Norway, Tirpitzs operations were limited due to fuel shortages. Though Bismarck had some success in the Atlantic against HMS Hood prior to its loss in 1941, Adolf Hitler refused to allow Tirpitz to conduct a similar sortie as he did not wish to lose the battleship. By remaining operational, it served as a fleet in being and tied down British naval resources. As a result, ​Tirpitzs missions were largely limited to the North Sea and Norwegian waters. Initial operations against Allied convoys were canceled when Tirpitzs supporting destroyers were withdrawn. Putting to sea on March 5, Tirpitz sought to attack Convoys QP-8 and PQ-12. Convoy Actions Missing the former, Tirpitzs spotter aircraft located the latter. Moving to intercept, Ciliax was initially unaware that the convoy was supported by elements of Admiral John Toveys Home Fleet. Turning for home, Tirpitz was unsuccessfully attacked by British carrier planes on March 9. In late June, Tirpitz and several German warships sortied as part of Operation Rà ¶sselsprung. Intended as an attack on Convoy PQ-17, the fleet turned back after receiving reports that they had been spotted. Returning to Norway, Tirpitz anchored in Altafjord. After being shifted to Bogenfjord near Narvik, the battleship sailed for Fà ¦ttenfjord where it began an extensive overhaul in October. Concerned over the threat posed by Tirpitz, the Royal Navy attempted to attack the ship with two Chariot human torpedoes in October 1942. This effort was disrupted by heavy seas. Completing its post-overhaul trials, Tirpitz returned to active duty with Captain Hans Meyer taking command on February 21, 1943. That September, Admiral Karl Doenitz, now leading the Kriegsmarine, ordered Tirpitz and other German ships to attack the small Allied base at Spitsbergen. Relentless British Attacks Attacking on September 8, Tirpitz, in its only offensive action, provided naval gunfire support to German forces going ashore. Destroying the base, the Germans withdrew and returned to Norway. Eager to eliminate Tirpitz, the Royal Navy initiated Operation Source later that month. This involved sending ten X-Craft midget submarines to Norway. The plan called for the X-Craft to penetrate the fjord and attach mines to the battleships hull. Moving forward on September 22, two X-Craft successfully completed their mission. The mines detonated and caused extensive damage to the ship and its machinery. Though badly wounded, Tirpitz remained afloat and repairs commenced. These were completed on April 2, 1944, and sea trials were planned for the following day in Altafjord. Learning that Tirpitz was nearly operational, the Royal Navy launched Operation Tungsten on April 3. This saw eighty British carrier planes attack the battleship in two waves. Scoring fifteen bomb hits, the aircraft inflicted serious damage and widespread fires but failed to sink Tirpitz. Assessing the damage, Doenitz ordered the ship repaired though understood that, due to a lack of air cover, its usefulness would be limited. In an effort to finish the job, the Royal Navy planned several additional strikes through April and May but were prevented from flying due to poor weather. Final Demise By June 2, German repair parties had restored engine power and gunnery trials were possible at the end of the month. Returning on August 22, aircraft from British carriers launched two raids against Tirpitz but failed to score any hits. Two days later, a third strike managed two hits but inflicted little damage. As the Fleet Air Arm had been unsuccessful in eliminating Tirpitz, the mission was given to the Royal Air Force. Using Avro Lancaster heavy bombers carrying massive Tallboy bombs, No. 5 Group conducted Operation Paravane on September 15. Flying from forward bases in Russia, they succeeded in getting one hit on the battleship which severely damaged its bow as well as injured other equipment on board. British bombers returned on October 29 but managed only near misses which damaged the ships port rudder. To protect Tirpitz, a sandbank was built around the ship to prevent capsizing and torpedo nets were put in place. On November 12, Lancasters dropped 29 Tallboys on the anchorage, scoring two hits and several near misses. Those that missed destroyed the sandbank. While one Tallboy penetrated forward, it failed to explode. The other struck amidships and blew out part of the ships bottom and side. Listing severely, Tirpitz was soon rocked by a massive explosion as one of its magazines detonated. Rolling, the stricken ship capsized. In the attack, the crew suffered around 1,000 casualties. The wreck of Tirpitz remained in place for the remainder of the war and was later salvaged between 1948 and 1957. Selected Sources Tirpitz HistoryBBC: Tirpitz